This study analyses the likely impacts on land use and greenhouse gas emissions of biofuel use by 2020. It includes evidence on size and impacts of ‘indirect land use change’ resulting from biofuel use. It is the most comprehensive study to date to quantify these effects. It reveals that the EU’s plans for biofuels will result in the conversion of up to 69 000 square kilometres of land to agricultural use potentially putting forests, other natural ecosystems, and poor communities at risk.